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Glossary

Angstrom

Definition and Measurement of Angstrom The angstrom is a metric unit of length equal to 10^-10 meters. It is one ten-billionth (US) of a meter, a hundred-millionth of a centimeter,...

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Anglosphere

Definition and Origins of the Anglosphere The Anglosphere is a term used to describe a group of English-speaking countries that share historical, cultural, and political ties. It originated from the...

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Anglicanism

Terminology and Definition The word 'Anglican' originates from 'Anglicana ecclesia libera sit' in Magna Carta. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. As an adjective, 'Anglican' describes the people, institutions, churches,...

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Ammolite

Properties and Origin Variable chemical composition, including aragonite, calcite, silica, pyrite, and other minerals Orthorhombic crystal structure Hardness of 3.5-4.5 on the Mohs scale Specific gravity of 2.60-2.85g/cm³ Fluoresces a...

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Amethyst

Structure, Hue and Tone Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz. Its violet color is due to irradiation and impurities of iron. The complex crystal lattice substitutions result in the...

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American Gem Society

History and Founder AGS was created by Robert M. Shipley. Shipley realized the lack of expertise in gems and jewelry among American jewelers. Shipley completed the Great Britain National Association...

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Amber

Definition, Uses, and Cultural Significance of Amber Amber is fossilized tree resin appreciated for its color and natural beauty. It is valued as a gemstone, used in jewelry, and has...

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Amazonite

Physical Properties Hardness: 6.0-6.5 Luster: Vitreous Streak: White Diaphaneity: Translucent, opaque Specific gravity: 2.56-2.58 Chemical Composition Chemical formula: KAlSi Polymorphic to orthoclase Potassium feldspar called microcline Unknown if stones from...

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Alrosa

History and Structure Alrosa's history dates back to 1954 with the discovery of the first primary deposit of diamonds in the Soviet Union. In 1955, several more primary diamond sources...

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Almandine

General Information about Almandine Belongs to the garnet group Name derived from alabandicus, used by Pliny the Elder Iron alumina garnet with deep red to purple color Often cut with...

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Alloy

Definition and Classification of Alloys An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements, with at least one being a metal. Alloys retain the properties of metals, such as electrical conductivity...

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Allotropes of carbon

Allotropes of Carbon Atomic carbon can be formed by vaporizing graphite or by passing large electric currents to form a carbon arc under very low pressure. It is extremely reactive...

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