Amber
Definition, Uses, and Cultural Significance of Amber
- Amber is fossilized tree resin appreciated for its color and natural beauty.
- It is valued as a gemstone, used in jewelry, and has cultural and traditional significance.
- Amber is used in folk medicine and traditional Chinese medicine for its healing properties.
- It has been used in ornaments, smoking tools, and glassblowing mouthpieces.
- The Palanga Amber Museum is dedicated to fossilized resin.
Types and Classification of Amber
- Amber can contain animal and plant material as inclusions.
- There are different types of amber, including Baltic amber, resinite, ambrite, and ambergris.
- Amber can be classified into five classes based on their chemical and structural composition.
- Class Ia, Ib, Ic, II, and III ambers have different chemical constituents.
History and Geological Record of Amber
- Amber has been discussed by ancient scholars like Theophrastus, Pytheas, and Pliny.
- It has a long history of use, with evidence of its use in ancient Italy and China.
- The oldest recovered amber dates back to the late Carboniferous period, approximately 320 million years ago.
- Amber becomes abundant in the Early Cretaceous, around 150 million years ago.
- Lebanese amber and Burmese amber provide evidence of ancient ecosystems.
Composition, Formation, and Properties of Amber
- Amber is composed of fossilized resinous bodies and an insoluble bituminous substance.
- It is formed through free radical polymerization of precursors in the labdane family.
- Amber has a hardness between 2.0 and 2.5 on the Mohs scale and a refractive index of 1.5–1.6.
- It decomposes when heated above 200°C, yielding oil of amber and amber colophony.
- Amber contains succinic acid and emits aromatic fumes when burned.
Extraction, Processing, and Imitation of Amber
- Amber is globally distributed and can be collected by hand, dredging, or diving.
- The coast west of Königsberg in Prussia was historically the world's leading source of amber.
- Juodkrantė in Lithuania is a major mining town of amber.
- Amber can be treated, softened, clarified, and pressed for various uses.
- There are imitation substances like copal, Kauri resin, plastics, and other materials used to imitate amber.
Amber Data Sources
Reference | URL |
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Glossary | https://harryandcojewellery.com.au/blogs/glossary/amber |
Wikipedia | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber |
Wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25381 |
Knowledge Graph | https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0pbc |