De facto

De facto in Jurisprudence and Technical Standards

Jurisprudence refers to practices not defined by law.
De facto standard is a dominant position achieved by tradition, enforcement, or market dominance.
Technical standards can be voluntary or obligatory.
De facto standards are used to express dominant standards.

Some countries have de facto national languages without official, de jure national languages.
Examples include Lebanon and Morocco with Arabic as an official language and French as a de facto language.
New Zealand has Māori and New Zealand Sign Language as official languages, with English as a de facto language.
Russian was the de facto official language of the former Soviet Union before being declared de jure in 1990.
Hong Kong and Macau have English and Portuguese as official languages, with Cantonese as the de facto standard.

De facto government is one where sovereignty attributes have been transferred by usurpation.
De facto leaders assume authority regardless of lawful means.
Not all dictators are de facto rulers, as some gain formal and legal power.
De facto governments in Argentina were analyzed under a doctrine until nullified in 1994.

De facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area where the government enforces its laws.
De facto boundaries may differ from de jure boundaries.
Recognition of de facto borders can impact international relations.
De facto boundaries can arise in cases of border disputes.
They may also occur in unpopulated areas where the border was never formally established.
The exact position of the agreed border may be unclear in some cases.
De facto boundaries can also exist between provinces or subdivisions of a federal state.

De facto racist policies and practices in South Africa predated the formal start of apartheid.
Racial discrimination and segregation outside of the South were de facto practices in the United States until the 1950s and 1960s.
Jim Crow laws legally enforced racial segregation in the American South from the 1870s until 1964.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended legal racial segregation in the United States.
De facto discrimination refers to discrimination that is not legally enforced.

The phrase 'de facto state of war' describes aggressive military actions between two nations without a formal declaration of war.
De facto relationships in Australia and New Zealand are legally recognized and provide similar rights and benefits as marriage.
A de facto monopoly occurs when one supplier dominates a market to the extent that competitors cannot compete or survive.
De facto technology refers to privately held intellectual property and know-how.
Antitrust laws aim to eliminate de facto monopolies.

Reference	URL
Glossary	https://harryandcojewellery.com.au/blogs/glossary/de-facto
Wikipedia	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto
Wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q712144
Knowledge Graph	https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0bx_7