Carbide-derived carbon

History and Nomenclature

• SiCl production patented in 1918 by Otis Hutchins
• Process optimized for higher yields in 1956
• Solid porous carbon initially considered waste
• Detailed investigation of properties in 1959 by Walter Mohun
• Russian scientists researched CDC synthesis in 1960-1980s
• Various terms used for CDC, such as mineral carbon or nanoporous carbon
• Yury Gogotsi introduced more adequate nomenclature
• SiC-CDC referred to as SiC-CDC, Si-CDC, or SiCDC
• Recommended unified precursor-CDC-nomenclature
• Examples: B-CDC, TiSiC-CDC, WC-CDC

Synthesis Methods

• CDCs synthesized using chemical and physical methods
• Dry chlorine treatment commonly used for selective etching
• Chlorine treatment preferred over chlorination
• Hydrothermal etching used for SiC-CDC synthesis
• Commercial production by Skeleton and Carbon-Ukraine
• High-temperature etching with chlorine gas common method
• Metal carbide reacts with chlorine gas to produce MCl and C
• Porosity between 50 and ~80 vol% depending on precursor
• Micropores ( 2nm) and mesopores (2-50nm) prevalent
• Pore size control achieved with polymer-derived ceramics
• Metal or metalloid atoms extracted at high temperatures under vacuum
• Incongruent decomposition of carbides
• More ordered carbon structures obtained
• Carbon nanotubes and graphene can be obtained
• High tube density reported for vacuum decomposition of SiC

Applications

• Carbide-derived carbons used in electric double-layer capacitors
• Good electrical conductivity and high surface area
• Pore size control enables matching with electrolyte
• Increased capacitance when pore size matches ion size
• Potential applications in electrical energy storage and water desalinization
• Gas storage: CDCs can store up to 21 wt.% of methane at high pressure
• Carbon dioxide capturing: CDCs with subnanometer pores can store up to 7.1 mol CO/kg
• Hydrogen storage: SiOC-CDC can store over 5.5 wt.% hydrogen at high pressure
• Tribological coatings: CDC films yield low friction coefficients, improving mechanical strength
• Protein adsorption: CDCs remove cytokines from biofluids with high efficiency
• Pt nanoparticles can be introduced to the SiC/C interface during chlorine treatment
• Pt particles diffuse through the CDC material to form catalyst support layers
• Noble elements like gold can be deposited into CDC pores, controlling nanoparticle size
• Gold or platinum nanoparticles in CDCs catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide
• Catalyst support properties can be tailored by controlling CDC pore size and distribution
• CDI is a desalinization and purification method using porous materials
• CDCs closely match the size of ions in the electrolyte, increasing efficiency
• CDC-based desalinization devices show higher efficiency compared to activated carbon
• CDI operates similarly to a supercapacitor, assembling ions into a double layer
• CDCs are suitable for obtaining deionized water for various applications
• CDC has potential for large-scale production at a moderate cost
• Small companies like Skeleton and Carbon-Ukraine produce CDC-based products
• CDCs are used in supercapacitors, gas storage, and filtration applications
• Numerous research institutions worldwide study CDC structure and synthesis
• CDCs have diverse commercial applications in various high-end industries

Properties and Capacitance of CDC Electrodes

• Resistance losses in supercapacitor devices are reduced by CDC electrodes
• CDC electrodes enhance charge screening and confinement
• Microporous CDC electrodes have high charge storage capacity
• CDC electrodes exhibit gravimetric capacitance of up to 190 F/g in aqueous electrolytes
• The highest capacitance values are observed for matching ion/pore systems

Properties and Structure of Carbide-derived Carbon

• Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon with tunable pore size has been developed
• Carbide-derived carbon exhibits micro and mesoporosity
• The electrical double-layer characteristics of carbide-derived carbon have been studied
• Carbide-derived carbon has high buckling stress
• Carbide-derived carbon has a high capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer
• Silicon carbide is commonly used as a precursor for carbide-derived carbon
• Hydrothermal treatment can be used to produce dense carbon coating on silicon carbide
• Epitaxial carbon nanotube film can be self-organized by sublimation decomposition of silicon carbide
• Carbide-derived carbon can be produced by the hydrolysis of b-SiC powder
• New approaches for the production of block microporous materials have been developed
• Carbide-derived carbon has been used in supercapacitors
• Carbide-derived carbon has been used for high-pressure gas storage
• Carbide-derived carbon has been used in tribological applications
• Carbide-derived carbon has been used for interfacial wetting in epitaxial graphene
• Carbide-derived carbon has been used in the production of nanoporous carbon
• The pore size of carbide-derived carbon affects its carbon dioxide sorption properties
• Carbide-derived carbon has enhanced hydrogen and methane gas storage capabilities
• The particle size of carbon affects the electrochemical performance of electric double-layer capacitors
• Carbide-derived carbon can efficiently adsorb cytokines
• Carbide-derived carbon has been studied for its gas sorption properties
• Carbide-derived carbon films exhibit low sliding friction and wear behavior
• High-temperature hydrogenation treatment affects the sliding friction and wear behavior of carbide-derived carbon films
• The tribological properties of carbide-derived carbon films on silicon carbide are influenced by humidity
• Carbide-derived carbon films have been studied for their tribological properties
• Carbide-derived carbon has potential applications in tribology

Carbide-derived carbon Data Sources