Cameo (carving)
Technique and Materials
- Cameos are carved objects such as engraved gems, jewelry, or vessels.
- They feature a raised relief image, contrasting with intaglio which has a negative image.
- Ancient and Renaissance cameos were made from semi-precious gemstones like onyx and agate.
- Cheaper modern cameos are often made from shell or glass.
- Modern cameos can be assembled by setting a relief onto a contrasting background or carved directly from materials with different colored layers.
- Many modern cameos are carved into layered agates.
- The layers are dyed to create strong color contrasts.
- The most usual colors used for two-layer stones are white on black, white on blue, and white on red-brown.
- Three-layer stones are sometimes made, with the colors usually black on white on black.
- The layers are translucent, allowing the artist to create shading effects.
- Ultrasonic machine carved cameos are produced using the Ultrasonic Mill.
- Multiple copies of a master design can be produced quickly using this process.
- A film of diamond slurry is used to aid cutting, and the die vibrates ultrasonically in a vertical motion.
- The result is a cameo with a satin surface texture known as freshly fallen snow (FFS).
- The texture and lack of undercutting are markers used to prove that the cameo is machine-made.
- Hand-worked portrait cameos are carved by hand, usually working from photographs of the subject.
- Tooling costs involved rule out the ultrasonic carving process.
- Highly developed artistic ability, craft skill, and many years of experience are needed to create lifelike portraits.
- Subjects other than portraits are rarely carved by hand as agate cameos.
- Traditional themes of classical scenes from mythology or standard images of young ladies are more likely to be made using the ultrasonic carving machine.
History
- Stone cameos of great artistry were made in Greece as early as the 5th century BC.
- Roman cameos were popular in Ancient Rome, especially among the family circle of Augustus.
- Roman cameos became less common leading up to 300 AD but continued to be produced at a reduced rate through the Middle Ages.
- Cameo technique experienced revivals in the early Renaissance, 18th and 19th centuries, and during King George III's reign in Britain.
- The cameo trend was popularized by Queen Victoria, leading to mass production in the 19th century.
- Roman glass cameos imitated the appearance of agate or sardonyx.
- Cameo glass objects were produced between 25 BC and 50/60 AD, and in the later Empire around the mid-third and mid-fourth century.
- Only around two hundred fragments and sixteen complete pieces of Roman glass cameos are known.
- Early period cameos had a blue glass base with a white overlying layer, while later period cameos had a colorless background covered with translucent colored layers.
- Blanks for Roman glass cameos were produced by fusing two separately cast sheets of glass or by dipping the base glass into molten overlay glass.
- Shell cameos became prevalent during the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- Renaissance shell cameos were typically white on a grayish background and carved from mussel or cowry shells.
- In the mid-18th century, new shell varieties like helmet shells and queen conch shells arrived in Europe, leading to an increase in shell cameos.
- Conch shells carve well but their color fades over time.
- Cameos carved from shells became popular souvenirs of the Grand Tour in the mid-19th century.
Roman Glass Cameos
- Roman glass cameos imitated the appearance of agate or sardonyx.
- Cameo glass objects were produced between 25 BC and 50/60 AD, and in the later Empire around the mid-third and mid-fourth century.
- Only around two hundred fragments and sixteen complete pieces of Roman glass cameos are known.
- Early period cameos had a blue glass base with a white overlying layer, while later period cameos had a colorless background covered with translucent colored layers.
- Blanks for Roman glass cameos were produced by fusing two separately cast sheets of glass or by dipping the base glass into molten overlay glass.
Shell Cameos
- Shell cameos became prevalent during the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- Renaissance shell cameos were typically white on a grayish background and carved from mussel or cowry shells.
- In the mid-18th century, new shell varieties like helmet shells and queen conch shells arrived in Europe, leading to an increase in shell cameos.
- Conch shells carve well but their color fades over time.
- Cameos carved from shells became popular souvenirs of the Grand Tour in the mid-19th century.
- The species most used in good-quality cameos since the late 19th century is Cypraecassis rufa, the bullmouth helmet.
- The shell of this species can be up to 6 inches long and has whitish upper and rich orange-brown lower layers.
- The finest hand-carving of these shells takes place in Italy.
- The emperor or queens helmet shell, Cassis madagascariensis, is the most highly prized shell for carving.
- This shell has white and dark brown layers and looks similar to layered agate known as sardonyx.
Cameo Subjects and Notable Carvers
- Cameo designs traditionally depict scenes from Greek or Roman mythology or portraits of rulers and dignitaries.
- Agate portrait cameos were often gifts from royalty to their subjects.
- Antique cameos, some over 2000 years old, are displayed in museums or private collections.
- Cameo subjects can also include any image of a head in an oval frame, such as a photograph.
- Cameos have inspired artistic works, like Lev Mei's cycle of poems titled 'Cameos' and Th
Cameo (carving) Data Sources
Reference | URL |
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Glossary | https://harryandcojewellery.com.au/blogs/glossary/cameo-carving |
Wikipedia | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_(carving) |
Wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28512 |
Knowledge Graph | https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/01ljcw |